Understanding ‘interpersonal’ and ‘relational’ trauma

Interpersonal trauma happens when a person experiences harm caused by another person. It can occur in any type of relationship, including a stranger, peer, colleague, or acquaintance. Examples include, physical assault, bullying or verbal abuse.

Relational trauma occurs within trusted relationships, such as with a family member, romantic partner or caregiver and involves a misuse of power through betrayal, neglect or abuse. It can make it difficult to feel safe with others, trust or maintain a sense of self-worth, often impacting how a person relates to others, sees themselves and makes sense of their emotions.

Interpersonal Trauma vs. Relational Trauma

Relational trauma

Happens within close, trusted relationships

Involves trusted relationships (e.g., family, partner, caregiver)

Usually involves a breach of trust and expectations of safety

Often involves chronic betrayal, neglect or abuse

Disrupts attachment, identify and emotional safety

Examples: childhood neglect, intimate partner violence

Interpersonal trauma

Caused by another person

Can happen in any type of relationship, including strangers

May not involve a deep emotional connection

May be a one-off or ongoing (e.g., bullying, harassment)

Impacts trust, safety and social connections

Examples: assault by a stranger, bullying by peers

In summary, while both involve trauma caused by other people, relational trauma is a subset of interpersonal trauma, focusing more on significant or intimate relationships. Interpersonal trauma can be broader and include any traumatic experience involving another person, even if the relationship is not deeply personal.